{"slug":"nobel","date":"2026-10-07","channel":"space","layout":"photo","title":"Nobel science winners' median age at award is 71.5, up from 54 in the 1900s","dek":"Median age at award for 466 Physics and Medicine prizes rose about 18 years in a century; 2026's four winners span 54 to 82.","body":["Ars Technica reports that Francis Halzen won the 2026 Physics Nobel for IceCube and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos from space, while Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel share the Physiology or Medicine prize for optogenetics.","Using the Nobel Prize API, we computed every Physics and Medicine laureate's age at award, 1901 to 2026. The median was 54 in the 1900s and 71.5 so far in the 2020s. Halzen was 82; Nagel 73, Hegemann 71 and Deisseroth 54. Laureates under 40 were common early on (28 before 1961) and have nearly vanished (9 since).","Prizes now reward work that took decades to confirm, so winners are typically in their late sixties or seventies. That ageing is a hint to young researchers and funders about how long recognition takes."],"facts":[{"label":"Median age, 1900s decade","value":"54 (n=24)"},{"label":"Median age, 2020s so far","value":"71.5 (n=34)"},{"label":"2026 laureates' ages","value":"54 to 82"},{"label":"Oldest ever","value":"Arthur Ashkin, 96 (2018)"}],"chart":{"type":"scatter","title":"Age at award, Physics and Medicine laureates, 1901-2026","unit":"years","points":[{"x":1901,"y":47,"label":"Emil von Behring (Medicine 1901, 47)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1901,"y":56,"label":"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Physics 1901, 56)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1902,"y":49,"label":"Hendrik A. Lorentz (Physics 1902, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1902,"y":37,"label":"Pieter Zeeman (Physics 1902, 37)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1902,"y":45,"label":"Ronald Ross (Medicine 1902, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1903,"y":50,"label":"Henri Becquerel (Physics 1903, 50)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1903,"y":35,"label":"Marie Curie (Physics 1903, 35)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1903,"y":42,"label":"Niels Ryberg Finsen (Medicine 1903, 42)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1903,"y":44,"label":"Pierre Curie (Physics 1903, 44)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1904,"y":55,"label":"Ivan Pavlov (Medicine 1904, 55)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1904,"y":61,"label":"Lord Rayleigh (Physics 1904, 61)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1905,"y":43,"label":"Philipp Lenard (Physics 1905, 43)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1905,"y":61,"label":"Robert Koch (Medicine 1905, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1906,"y":63,"label":"Camillo Golgi (Medicine 1906, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1906,"y":49,"label":"J.J. Thomson (Physics 1906, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1906,"y":54,"label":"Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Medicine 1906, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1907,"y":54,"label":"Albert A. Michelson (Physics 1907, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1907,"y":62,"label":"Alphonse Laveran (Medicine 1907, 62)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1908,"y":63,"label":"Gabriel Lippmann (Physics 1908, 63)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1908,"y":63,"label":"Ilya Mechnikov (Medicine 1908, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1908,"y":54,"label":"Paul Ehrlich (Medicine 1908, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1909,"y":59,"label":"Ferdinand Braun (Physics 1909, 59)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1909,"y":35,"label":"Guglielmo Marconi (Physics 1909, 35)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1909,"y":68,"label":"Theodor Kocher (Medicine 1909, 68)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1910,"y":57,"label":"Albrecht Kossel (Medicine 1910, 57)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1910,"y":72,"label":"Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Physics 1910, 72)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1911,"y":49,"label":"Allvar Gullstrand (Medicine 1911, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1911,"y":47,"label":"Wilhelm Wien (Physics 1911, 47)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1912,"y":39,"label":"Alexis Carrel (Medicine 1912, 39)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1912,"y":42,"label":"Gustaf Dalén (Physics 1912, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1913,"y":63,"label":"Charles Richet (Medicine 1913, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1913,"y":60,"label":"Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Physics 1913, 60)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1914,"y":34,"label":"Max von Laue (Physics 1914, 34)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1914,"y":38,"label":"Robert Bárány (Medicine 1914, 38)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1915,"y":25,"label":"Lawrence Bragg (Physics 1915, 25)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1915,"y":53,"label":"William Bragg (Physics 1915, 53)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1917,"y":40,"label":"Charles Glover Barkla (Physics 1917, 40)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1918,"y":60,"label":"Max Planck (Physics 1918, 60)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1919,"y":45,"label":"Johannes Stark (Physics 1919, 45)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1919,"y":49,"label":"Jules Bordet (Medicine 1919, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1920,"y":45,"label":"August Krogh (Medicine 1920, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1920,"y":59,"label":"Charles Edouard Guillaume (Physics 1920, 59)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1921,"y":42,"label":"Albert Einstein (Physics 1921, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1922,"y":36,"label":"Archibald V. Hill (Medicine 1922, 36)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1922,"y":36,"label":"Niels Bohr (Physics 1922, 36)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1922,"y":38,"label":"Otto Meyerhof (Medicine 1922, 38)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1923,"y":31,"label":"Frederick G. Banting (Medicine 1923, 31)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1923,"y":47,"label":"John Macleod (Medicine 1923, 47)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1923,"y":55,"label":"Robert A. Millikan (Physics 1923, 55)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1924,"y":37,"label":"Manne Siegbahn (Physics 1924, 37)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1924,"y":64,"label":"Willem Einthoven (Medicine 1924, 64)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1925,"y":38,"label":"Gustav Hertz (Physics 1925, 38)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1925,"y":43,"label":"James Franck (Physics 1925, 43)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1926,"y":56,"label":"Jean Baptiste Perrin (Physics 1926, 56)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1926,"y":59,"label":"Johannes Fibiger (Medicine 1926, 59)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1927,"y":35,"label":"Arthur H. Compton (Physics 1927, 35)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1927,"y":58,"label":"C.T.R. Wilson (Physics 1927, 58)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1927,"y":70,"label":"Julius Wagner-Jauregg (Medicine 1927, 70)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1928,"y":62,"label":"Charles Nicolle (Medicine 1928, 62)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1928,"y":49,"label":"Owen Willans Richardson (Physics 1928, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1929,"y":71,"label":"Christiaan Eijkman (Medicine 1929, 71)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1929,"y":37,"label":"Louis de Broglie (Physics 1929, 37)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1929,"y":68,"label":"Sir Frederick Hopkins (Medicine 1929, 68)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1930,"y":62,"label":"Karl Landsteiner (Medicine 1930, 62)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1930,"y":41,"label":"Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Physics 1930, 41)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1931,"y":47,"label":"Otto Warburg (Medicine 1931, 47)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1932,"y":42,"label":"Edgar Adrian (Medicine 1932, 42)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1932,"y":74,"label":"Sir Charles Sherrington (Medicine 1932, 74)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1932,"y":30,"label":"Werner Heisenberg (Physics 1932, 30)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1933,"y":46,"label":"Erwin Schrödinger (Physics 1933, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1933,"y":31,"label":"Paul A.M. Dirac (Physics 1933, 31)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1933,"y":67,"label":"Thomas H. Morgan (Medicine 1933, 67)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1934,"y":56,"label":"George H. Whipple (Medicine 1934, 56)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1934,"y":48,"label":"George R. Minot (Medicine 1934, 48)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1934,"y":42,"label":"William P. Murphy (Medicine 1934, 42)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1935,"y":66,"label":"Hans Spemann (Medicine 1935, 66)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1935,"y":43,"label":"James Chadwick (Physics 1935, 43)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1936,"y":31,"label":"Carl D. Anderson (Physics 1936, 31)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1936,"y":63,"label":"Otto Loewi (Medicine 1936, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1936,"y":61,"label":"Sir Henry Dale (Medicine 1936, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1936,"y":53,"label":"Victor F. Hess (Physics 1936, 53)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1937,"y":44,"label":"Albert Szent-Györgyi (Medicine 1937, 44)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1937,"y":55,"label":"Clinton Davisson (Physics 1937, 55)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1937,"y":45,"label":"George Paget Thomson (Physics 1937, 45)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1938,"y":46,"label":"Corneille Heymans (Medicine 1938, 46)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1938,"y":37,"label":"Enrico Fermi (Physics 1938, 37)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1939,"y":38,"label":"Ernest Lawrence (Physics 1939, 38)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1939,"y":43,"label":"Gerhard Domagk (Medicine 1939, 43)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1943,"y":49,"label":"Edward A. Doisy (Medicine 1943, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1943,"y":48,"label":"Henrik Dam (Medicine 1943, 48)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1943,"y":55,"label":"Otto Stern (Physics 1943, 55)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1944,"y":56,"label":"Herbert S. Gasser (Medicine 1944, 56)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1944,"y":46,"label":"Isidor Isaac Rabi (Physics 1944, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1944,"y":70,"label":"Joseph Erlanger (Medicine 1944, 70)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1945,"y":39,"label":"Ernst B. Chain (Medicine 1945, 39)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1945,"y":64,"label":"Sir Alexander Fleming (Medicine 1945, 64)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1945,"y":47,"label":"Sir Howard Florey (Medicine 1945, 47)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1945,"y":45,"label":"Wolfgang Pauli (Physics 1945, 45)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1946,"y":55,"label":"Hermann J. Muller (Medicine 1946, 55)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1946,"y":64,"label":"Percy W. Bridgman (Physics 1946, 64)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1947,"y":60,"label":"Bernardo Houssay (Medicine 1947, 60)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1947,"y":50,"label":"Carl Cori (Medicine 1947, 50)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1947,"y":55,"label":"Edward V. Appleton (Physics 1947, 55)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1947,"y":51,"label":"Gerty Cori (Medicine 1947, 51)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1948,"y":50,"label":"Patrick M.S. Blackett (Physics 1948, 50)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1948,"y":49,"label":"Paul Müller (Medicine 1948, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1949,"y":74,"label":"Egas Moniz (Medicine 1949, 74)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1949,"y":42,"label":"Hideki Yukawa (Physics 1949, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1949,"y":68,"label":"Walter Hess (Medicine 1949, 68)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1950,"y":46,"label":"Cecil Powell (Physics 1950, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1950,"y":64,"label":"Edward C. Kendall (Medicine 1950, 64)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1950,"y":54,"label":"Philip S. Hench (Medicine 1950, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1950,"y":53,"label":"Tadeus Reichstein (Medicine 1950, 53)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1951,"y":47,"label":"Ernest T.S. Walton (Physics 1951, 47)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1951,"y":54,"label":"John Cockcroft (Physics 1951, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1951,"y":52,"label":"Max Theiler (Medicine 1951, 52)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1952,"y":40,"label":"E. M. Purcell (Physics 1952, 40)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1952,"y":46,"label":"Felix Bloch (Physics 1952, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1952,"y":64,"label":"Selman A. Waksman (Medicine 1952, 64)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1953,"y":65,"label":"Frits Zernike (Physics 1953, 65)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1953,"y":54,"label":"Fritz Lipmann (Medicine 1953, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1953,"y":53,"label":"Hans Krebs (Medicine 1953, 53)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1954,"y":38,"label":"Frederick C. Robbins (Medicine 1954, 38)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1954,"y":57,"label":"John F. Enders (Medicine 1954, 57)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1954,"y":71,"label":"Max Born (Physics 1954, 71)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1954,"y":39,"label":"Thomas H. Weller (Medicine 1954, 39)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1954,"y":63,"label":"Walther Bothe (Physics 1954, 63)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1955,"y":52,"label":"Hugo Theorell (Medicine 1955, 52)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1955,"y":44,"label":"Polykarp Kusch (Physics 1955, 44)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1955,"y":42,"label":"Willis E. Lamb (Physics 1955, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1956,"y":61,"label":"André F. Cournand (Medicine 1956, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1956,"y":60,"label":"Dickinson W. Richards (Medicine 1956, 60)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1956,"y":48,"label":"John Bardeen (Physics 1956, 48)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1956,"y":54,"label":"Walter H. Brattain (Physics 1956, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1956,"y":52,"label":"Werner Forssmann (Medicine 1956, 52)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1956,"y":46,"label":"William B. Shockley (Physics 1956, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1957,"y":35,"label":"Chen Ning Yang (Physics 1957, 35)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1957,"y":50,"label":"Daniel Bovet (Medicine 1957, 50)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1957,"y":30,"label":"Tsung-Dao Lee (Physics 1957, 30)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1958,"y":48,"label":"Edward Tatum (Medicine 1958, 48)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1958,"y":54,"label":"George Beadle (Medicine 1958, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1958,"y":63,"label":"Igor Y. Tamm (Physics 1958, 63)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1958,"y":49,"label":"Il´ja M. Frank (Physics 1958, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1958,"y":33,"label":"Joshua Lederberg (Medicine 1958, 33)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1958,"y":54,"label":"Pavel A. Cherenkov (Physics 1958, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1959,"y":41,"label":"Arthur Kornberg (Medicine 1959, 41)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1959,"y":54,"label":"Emilio Segrè (Physics 1959, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1959,"y":39,"label":"Owen Chamberlain (Physics 1959, 39)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1959,"y":54,"label":"Severo Ochoa (Medicine 1959, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1960,"y":34,"label":"Donald A. Glaser (Physics 1960, 34)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1960,"y":45,"label":"Peter Medawar (Medicine 1960, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1960,"y":61,"label":"Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (Medicine 1960, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1961,"y":62,"label":"Georg von Békésy (Medicine 1961, 62)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1961,"y":46,"label":"Robert Hofstadter (Physics 1961, 46)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1961,"y":32,"label":"Rudolf Mössbauer (Physics 1961, 32)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1962,"y":46,"label":"Francis Crick (Medicine 1962, 46)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1962,"y":34,"label":"James Watson (Medicine 1962, 34)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1962,"y":54,"label":"Lev Landau (Physics 1962, 54)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1962,"y":45,"label":"Maurice Wilkins (Medicine 1962, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1963,"y":49,"label":"Alan Hodgkin (Medicine 1963, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1963,"y":45,"label":"Andrew Huxley (Medicine 1963, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1963,"y":60,"label":"Eugene Wigner (Physics 1963, 60)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1963,"y":56,"label":"J. Hans D. Jensen (Physics 1963, 56)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1963,"y":57,"label":"Maria Goeppert Mayer (Physics 1963, 57)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1963,"y":60,"label":"Sir John Eccles (Medicine 1963, 60)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1964,"y":48,"label":"Aleksandr M. Prokhorov (Physics 1964, 48)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1964,"y":49,"label":"Charles H. Townes (Physics 1964, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1964,"y":53,"label":"Feodor Lynen (Medicine 1964, 53)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1964,"y":52,"label":"Konrad Bloch (Medicine 1964, 52)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1964,"y":41,"label":"Nicolay G. Basov (Physics 1964, 41)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1965,"y":63,"label":"André Lwoff (Medicine 1965, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1965,"y":45,"label":"François Jacob (Medicine 1965, 45)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1965,"y":55,"label":"Jacques Monod (Medicine 1965, 55)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1965,"y":47,"label":"Julian Schwinger (Physics 1965, 47)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1965,"y":47,"label":"Richard P. Feynman (Physics 1965, 47)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1965,"y":59,"label":"Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (Physics 1965, 59)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1966,"y":64,"label":"Alfred Kastler (Physics 1966, 64)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1966,"y":65,"label":"Charles B. Huggins (Medicine 1966, 65)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1966,"y":86,"label":"Peyton Rous (Medicine 1966, 86)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1967,"y":60,"label":"George Wald (Medicine 1967, 60)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1967,"y":61,"label":"Hans Bethe (Physics 1967, 61)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1967,"y":63,"label":"Keffer Hartline (Medicine 1967, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1967,"y":66,"label":"Ragnar Granit (Medicine 1967, 66)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1968,"y":46,"label":"H. Gobind Khorana (Medicine 1968, 46)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1968,"y":57,"label":"Luis Alvarez (Physics 1968, 57)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1968,"y":41,"label":"Marshall W. Nirenberg (Medicine 1968, 41)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1968,"y":46,"label":"Robert W. Holley (Medicine 1968, 46)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1969,"y":60,"label":"Alfred D. Hershey (Medicine 1969, 60)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1969,"y":63,"label":"Max Delbrück (Medicine 1969, 63)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1969,"y":40,"label":"Murray Gell-Mann (Physics 1969, 40)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1969,"y":57,"label":"Salvador E. Luria (Medicine 1969, 57)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1970,"y":62,"label":"Hannes Alfvén (Physics 1970, 62)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1970,"y":58,"label":"Julius Axelrod (Medicine 1970, 58)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1970,"y":65,"label":"Louis Néel (Physics 1970, 65)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1970,"y":59,"label":"Sir Bernard Katz (Medicine 1970, 59)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1970,"y":65,"label":"Ulf von Euler (Medicine 1970, 65)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1971,"y":71,"label":"Dennis Gabor (Physics 1971, 71)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1971,"y":55,"label":"Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (Medicine 1971, 55)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1972,"y":43,"label":"Gerald M. Edelman (Medicine 1972, 43)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1972,"y":64,"label":"John Bardeen (Physics 1972, 64)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1972,"y":42,"label":"Leon N. Cooper (Physics 1972, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1972,"y":41,"label":"Robert Schrieffer (Physics 1972, 41)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1972,"y":54,"label":"Rodney R. Porter (Medicine 1972, 54)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1973,"y":33,"label":"Brian D. Josephson (Physics 1973, 33)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1973,"y":44,"label":"Ivar Giaever (Physics 1973, 44)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1973,"y":86,"label":"Karl von Frisch (Medicine 1973, 86)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1973,"y":69,"label":"Konrad Lorenz (Medicine 1973, 69)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1973,"y":48,"label":"Leo Esaki (Physics 1973, 48)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1973,"y":66,"label":"Nikolaas Tinbergen (Medicine 1973, 66)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1974,"y":76,"label":"Albert Claude (Medicine 1974, 76)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1974,"y":50,"label":"Antony Hewish (Physics 1974, 50)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1974,"y":56,"label":"Christian de Duve (Medicine 1974, 56)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1974,"y":61,"label":"George E. Palade (Medicine 1974, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1974,"y":56,"label":"Martin Ryle (Physics 1974, 56)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1975,"y":53,"label":"Aage N. Bohr (Physics 1975, 53)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1975,"y":49,"label":"Ben R. Mottelson (Physics 1975, 49)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1975,"y":37,"label":"David Baltimore (Medicine 1975, 37)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1975,"y":40,"label":"Howard M. Temin (Medicine 1975, 40)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1975,"y":57,"label":"James Rainwater (Physics 1975, 57)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1975,"y":61,"label":"Renato Dulbecco (Medicine 1975, 61)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1976,"y":51,"label":"Baruch S. Blumberg (Medicine 1976, 51)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1976,"y":45,"label":"Burton Richter (Physics 1976, 45)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1976,"y":53,"label":"D. Carleton Gajdusek (Medicine 1976, 53)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1976,"y":40,"label":"Samuel C.C. Ting (Physics 1976, 40)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1977,"y":50,"label":"Andrew V. Schally (Medicine 1977, 50)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1977,"y":78,"label":"John H. Van Vleck (Physics 1977, 78)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1977,"y":53,"label":"Philip W. Anderson (Physics 1977, 53)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1977,"y":53,"label":"Roger Guillemin (Medicine 1977, 53)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1977,"y":56,"label":"Rosalyn Yalow (Medicine 1977, 56)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1977,"y":72,"label":"Sir Nevill F. Mott (Physics 1977, 72)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1978,"y":45,"label":"Arno Penzias (Physics 1978, 45)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1978,"y":49,"label":"Daniel Nathans (Medicine 1978, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1978,"y":47,"label":"Hamilton O. Smith (Medicine 1978, 47)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1978,"y":84,"label":"Pyotr Kapitsa (Physics 1978, 84)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1978,"y":42,"label":"Robert Woodrow Wilson (Physics 1978, 42)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1978,"y":49,"label":"Werner Arber (Medicine 1978, 49)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1979,"y":53,"label":"Abdus Salam (Physics 1979, 53)","group":"Physics"},{"x":1979,"y":55,"label":"Allan M. Cormack (Medicine 1979, 55)","group":"Medicine"},{"x":1979,"y":60,"label":"Godfrey N. 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